[Episode 5] In this lecture, I hash out key elements of Freud's theory of personality together with how that translated into his approach to therapy. The fundamental destination of Freudian psychoanalysis is to brand the unconscious conscious.Transcript
[0:00:13]In today’s podcast, we're looking at 2 of the major figures inwards psychodynamic therapy: Sigmund Freud together with Alfred Adler. Sigmund Freud, of course, the begetter of psychoanalysis together with Alfred Adler, developer of private psychology. These 2 men had a lot inwards common, equally did their approaches to therapy. In fact, the most mutual chemical cistron to their therapies is that they were insight-oriented. These men believed that insight into why yous do things is genuinely the key to making changes together with living a happier, to a greater extent than successful life. The agency that these men conceptualize alter was rattling dissimilar together with that’s what we'll move talking virtually inwards today’s podcast.
In Freudian psychoanalysis, which is also called Id Psychology, the destination of handling is to brand the unconscious conscious. For example, let's state you're working amongst a human being who has a confirmed instance of physical abuse against his children. His explanation equally to why he vanquish his children is that they deserved it. However, during your handling yous discovered that this human being hates his boss. He also hates his abusive father. It becomes clear that his boss reminds him of his abusive father.
But your customer was unaware of this connection. That is, he was non conscious of the connexion betwixt his emotions towards his begetter together with his boss. Although his boss for sure has some characteristics of his father, you're able to indicate out to him that he’s employing a defense mechanism called displacement, where he is redirecting his feelings virtually his begetter to his boss. However, because he cannot human activity out his aggression towards his boss for fearfulness of losing his job, he so displaces his anger on his children.
Freud would state that he is displacing his anger equally a agency of protecting himself, ultimately against addressing his deep-seated anger towards his father. In this example, yesteryear making your customer aware of his unconscious anger, he’s able to gain insight into his behaviors together with thereby he’s able to brand non only situation-specific changes, but to a greater extent than importantly, changes inwards his personality. Now, this concept is key inwards agreement Freudian psychoanalysis.
Without a belief inwards the existence of an unconscious, Freud’s techniques together with his approaches to handling genuinely brand no sense. So, we're going to start out yesteryear talking virtually the topographical model: that is the conscious, the pre-conscious together with the unconscious. Freud believed that the hear was divided into 3 layers.
You guide keep the witting layer, which was only a sparse sliver on superlative together with these were thoughts together with ideas that we're aware of. So for example, if yous enquire me for a telephone number together with I'm able to select it upwards together with say: “Oh yeah, the telephone number is 555-1212.” That telephone number is inwards my conscious. If yous enquire me for a telephone number together with so I guide keep to think virtually it for a piddling bit, but I eventually come upwards up amongst it, so Freud would guide keep said that that telephone number was inwards my pre-conscious (that was somewhere inwards betwixt the witting together with the unconscious). I knew that it was pre-conscious together with non unconscious because I was consciously able to recall it.
Information or information that we’re consciously able to recall can't move unconscious inwards Freud’s structure. By unconscious, I hateful that these are things we're non aware of, also known equally repressed material. The clinical show that Freud used for postulating the existence of the unconscious included: dreams, slips of the tongue, post-hypnotic suggestion, fabric derived from gratis association, fabric derived from projective techniques (such equally ink blots, Rorscharch’s, things similar that) together with the symbolic content of psychiatric symptoms.
In Freudian theory, personality evolution hinges on the successful resolution of each stage of development. Erikson shares this concept amongst Freud, but for Freud it is psychosexual evolution together with especially inadequate resolution of a item stage of psychosexual evolution tin john Pb to neurotic behaviors, such equally phobias. Now, inwards adulthood, the inadequate resolution of item [00:05:00] phases is straight linked to unconscious wishes together with impulses that seek to satisfy conflicting internal drives.
The construction of the personality, equally it develops, starts out amongst the id. The id is the demanding kid together with is ruled yesteryear the pleasance principle. An slowly agency to think virtually the id is to think of a 1-year-old, somebody inwards the oral stage. That kid is ruled solely by: what feels good, what's going to soothe it, what's going to move inwards full, what's going to allow it to move to sleep, what's going to calm it. The 1-year-old kid doesn’t think likewise much about: "Well, maybe I should orbit mom a interruption because I kept her upwards all nighttime screaming."
The 1-year-old kid is interested inwards getting fed when he wants to learn fed or going to the bath when she wants to move to the bathroom. So people who are ruled yesteryear pleasance principles are considered to move dominated yesteryear the id. That is their personality is dominated yesteryear the id. In contrast to the id, the super ego is the guess together with this is the component division of our personality that’s ruled yesteryear the moral principle. The moral regulation is: do what's right. And the moral regulation isn't necessarily goodness for us.
That is if nosotros dominion (if nosotros lived solely yesteryear the moral principle), so nosotros wouldn’t necessarily move whatsoever amend off than somebody who lives solely yesteryear the id or the pleasance principle. So inwards lodge to guide keep a residuum betwixt the id together with the super ego, Freud postulates that at that spot is the ego (sometimes thought of equally a traffic cop) together with the ego is ruled yesteryear the reality principle. This is where the ego takes into consideration some of the pleasance principle, some of the impulses of the id equally good equally some of the ideas of what's only together with moral (imposed yesteryear the super ego) together with so takes all that information into consideration together with compares it to what is necessary inwards this province of affairs inwards a realistic manner.
So it's non realistic to do everything yous desire all the fourth dimension nor is it realistic to human activity god-like. We guide keep to move existent together with that’s how nosotros connect amongst other people. Now, ego defence mechanisms are defence mechanisms that are used yesteryear the ego. They're normal behaviors, which operate on an unconscious level, which tend to deny or distort reality. These defence mechanisms assist individuals learn by amongst anxiety together with they forbid the ego from beingness overwhelmed.
So for example, denial is a classic defence mechanism. Denial is when the ego says: “No, that didn’t genuinely happen.” Then yous guide keep the most fundamental defence machinery of repression. And repression is literally when fabric is pushed into the unconscious so that we're non fifty-fifty aware of it. Now, it's mutual for people to say: “Oh, I totally repressed that.” But that’s genuinely an inaccurate utilisation of the Freudian concept of repression. If we're witting of repressing something, so it can't move unconscious. Instead what we're genuinely talking virtually is suppression: “I suppressed the memories of the political party from the other night.” That would move suppression.
Finally, ego defence mechanisms tin john guide keep adaptive value if they do non move a trend of life to avoid facing reality. The therapeutic goals for Freudian psychoanalysis are to brand unconscious motives conscious, because only so tin john an private exercise choice. And when that happens, this ego tin john move strengthened so that demeanour is based to a greater extent than on reality together with less on instinctual cravings (that volition move the id) or irrational guilt (which would move the super ego).
Essentially, psychoanalytic handling revolves around regain together with interpreting unconscious impulses together with defending against them. Now Freud is famous for his psychoanalytic techniques together with the argue why these techniques are so of import is that inwards psychoanalysis the therapist, [00:10:00] the analyst, is the expert. The analyst is the goodness inwards interpreting the fabric that the customer brings up. And the argue why the analyst has to move the goodness is because yesteryear theory the customer is non aware of what it is that they're doing.
So for example, if I'm sitting inwards my therapist’s component division together with I'm gratis associating (which is i of Freud’s famous psychoanalytic techniques) together with I'm talking virtually my move together with I listing a whole string of words that I associate amongst move together with a whole bunch of ideas, I'm non necessarily going to move able to position what unconscious fabric is beingness brought up. It is upwards to the therapist to say: “Uh-huh, it seems similar this is what's going on.” And that’s the interpretation slice of psychoanalysis.
For this reason, classically trained psychoanalytic therapists had to move through their ain psychoanalysis. So some of these psychoanalytic techniques include gratis association, (which I was only talking about) together with this is when the customer reports at i time without censoring whatsoever feelings or thoughts. Another technique is interpretation. In an interpretation, the therapist points out, explains together with teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed.
Now Freud believes that nosotros tin john only move inwards touching on amongst the unconscious yesteryear interpreting what it seems to move indicating inwards our dreams, waking fantasies, slips of the natural language together with so on. Freud believed that yous could communicate on 2 levels at the same time, the witting together with the unconscious. For example, if you're having a professional person conversation (that would move a witting act) together with engaging inwards intimate trunk linguistic communication (that could move unconscious flirting) so you're accessing both your witting together with your unconscious simultaneously together with only a trained psychoanalyst could indicate out what the unconscious fabric is. That’s why the traditional therapeutic human relationship had to move expert-driven rather than collaborative.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 3rd psychoanalytic technique is dream analysis together with dream analysis is called “the imperial route to the unconscious.” During your dreams: images appear, ideas, scenes out of a moving-picture present volition pop upwards inwards your head. And Freud believed that these were non realistic inwards the sense that, if I'm driving a car, it doesn’t genuinely only hateful that I'm driving a car. There is of import information inwards these images that are symbolic of something that’s going on inwards my unconscious.
Freud also believed that sure symbols were universal. For example, bodies of H2O e'er represented the unconscious inwards Freudian theory. So, if I was floating on a lake, I would move floating on my unconscious together with that lake could move calm or it could move choppy together with these would hateful things inwards Freudian psychoanalysis.
Now transference is when the customer reacts to the therapist equally she does to an before important other. Transference allows the customer to experience feelings that would otherwise move inaccessible. In the analysis of transference, the therapist is able to accomplish insight into the influence of the client’s past.
Countertransference is the reaction of the therapist towards the customer that may interfere amongst objectivity. And recall inwards Freudian psychoanalysis, the analyst is considered to move a blank slate together with objective, so these ideas of transference together with countertransference are genuinely key together with rattling important. And I believe that these are 2 of the concepts that are genuinely most useful to depict on from traditional Freudian psychoanalysis.
For example, if you're working amongst the customer together with they start to utter to yous equally if yous are their begetter or yous are their grandson or mayhap yous are their girlfriend, they're somebody other than who yous are, so Freud would state that they are transferring unconscious fabric onto [00:15:00] you.
Now i slowly explanation for why this happens is because most of the fourth dimension therapists do non pass a lot of fourth dimension talking virtually themselves, inwards their lives, inwards the therapy room together with so clients guide keep to do something. They guide keep to do some paradigm of the therapist together with when this happens, oftentimes they projection information from their ain lives. Now, this tin john move genuinely useful if you're working with, state a adult woman who’s been inwards an abusive relationship, together with she starts to interact amongst yous equally if yous are an abuser. Now assuming that you're an ethical clinician together with yous are inwards fact non abusive, yous tin john utilisation this fabric to move inwards the 2d amongst the customer virtually these feelings together with genuinely move on these issues inwards a hither together with at nowadays way.
Although this isn't traditionally psychoanalytic, it is a modern adaptation of the concept of transference. If however, you're working inwards a session amongst a customer together with yous detect yourself looking at her equally if she’s your miss or perhaps your woman raise or fifty-fifty mayhap if she were your lover, so that could advise countertransference, reactions that you're having towards your client. And unless you're aware of these together with are dealing amongst these actively, they tin john for sure interfere amongst your might to furnish a professional person service to your client.
The final psychoanalytic technique that I'll utter virtually is resistance; together with this is anything that plant against the progress of therapy together with prevents the production of unconscious material. These days inwards social move nosotros don’t necessarily think of clients equally beingness resistant. Resistant clients were traditionally conceptualized equally clients who are actively trying to sabotage treatment. Today, if a customer says: “That handling is non working for me “or “I don’t desire to do that,” nosotros offset expect to ourselves together with detect out if we're doing a pathetic chore of handling matching for our clients.
The supposition is that if nosotros detect the correct thing, if we've done our chore at collaborating amongst our clients on identifying goals together with developing handling plans, so our clients volition genuinely engage inwards the treatment, rather than proverb that they don’t desire to do it. In contemporary psychoanalysis, the human relationship tends to move collaborative together with although problems are grounded inwards the past, the focus is on alleviating electrical current problems. Contemporary psychoanalysis also incorporates modern therapy techniques.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 modern twenty-four hours adaptation of Freud’s private psychoanalytic therapy is psychoanalytic household unit of measurement therapy. Rather than emphasizing instincts together with drives, the focus is on attachment objects together with their purpose inwards individuation together with personal growth. Now, the contributions of Freudian psychoanalysis are almost immeasurable. The concepts together with ideas are so interwoven into our everyday lives that it's difficult to genuinely distinguish what is psychoanalytic together with what is only the agency nosotros think virtually things.
For example, it's non uncommon to hear somebody complaining of somebody having an anal personality. It's also non uncommon to hear jokes that refer to some of the centre concepts that Freud developed, equally inwards this joke virtually Freudian slips. This joke was told to me yesteryear a British friend of mine:
Patience says to his doctor: “Doctor, I had a Freudian sideslip final night. I was eating dinner amongst my mother in law together with I meant to say: ‘Please transcend the butter.’ But instead I said ‘You light-headed cow, you’ve completely ruined my life.’”
Now what's truthful is that fifty-fifty though our everyday speech communication is total of concepts developed together with popularized yesteryear Freud, Freudian psychoanalysis (or at to the lowest degree the traditional shape of psychoanalysis) has fallen out of favor inwards contemporary psychotherapy. Although it was the dominant model through the 1970s, it is a long-term, insight-oriented therapy that doesn’t fit amongst our contemporary agreement of what people’s problems are, what solutions they're looking for, together with perhaps most importantly, how managed attention pays for services.
Even still, Freudian psychoanalysis (and especially its modern twenty-four hours derivatives) contains ideas that are useful to anyone who’s involved inwards a therapeutic relationship, including those ideas of transference, countertransference together with defence mechanisms.
In the adjacent department of this podcast, we're going to utter virtually Alfred Adler, who took a rattling dissimilar approach to agreement people’s problems together with thence [00:20:00] what the solutions to those problems are.
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Download MP3 [20:28]References
Anderegg, D. (2004). Paging Dr. Froid: Teaching psychoanalytic theory to undergraduates. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21, 214–221.
Burke, J. F. (1989). Contemporary approaches to psychotherapy & counseling: The self-regulation together with maturity model. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press.
Corey, G. (2005). Theory together with do of counseling together with psychotherapy (7th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson.
Gay, P. (1989). The Freud reader. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Rychlak, J. F. (1981). Introduction to personality together with psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
For an interesting give-and-take virtually the legacy of Freud, banking concern check out the May 23, 2007 episode of the Charlie Rose show: Charlie Rose (2007, May 23): Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 give-and-take virtually the legacy of Sigmund Freud. http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/8515.
APA (5th ed) citation for this podcast:
Singer, J. B. (Host). (2007, Feb 5). Freudian psychoanalysis [Episode 5]. Social Work Podcast. Podcast retrieved Month Day, Year, from /search?q=freudian-psychoanalysis
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