[Episode 8] Today we're going to utter virtually Carl Rogers as well as his revolutionary approach to psychotherapy - Person-Centered Therapy. Next to Freud, no other therapist has influenced the practise of therapy to a greater extent than than Carl Rogers. The humanistic assumptions at the core of Person-Centered therapy stand upwards inwards stark contrast to the problem-centered, expert-oriented approach of what was as well as thence the dominant model of psychotherapy - Freudian Psychoanalysis. Rogers gave us an equation that would forever alter the concept of therapy...Empathy + Genuineness + Unconditional Positive Regard = Necessary as well as sufficient weather condition for change. Although the in conclusion portion - that these weather condition are sufficient for alter - has non enjoyed empirical support, the initiative off portion - that these weather condition are necessary for alter - has been confirmed inwards thousands of inquiry studies over the in conclusion fifty years. In today's lecture I volition expression at the major assumptions of Person-centered therapy, the goals of treatment, the role as well as attributes of the therapist, as well as utter over the i technique attributed to Rogers - reflective listening. I'll halt amongst a give-and-take of the contributions as well as limitations of Person-centered therapy.
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In today’s lecture, we're going to live on talking virtually Carl Rogers as well as his person-centered therapy. Next to Freud, no other therapist has influenced the practise of psychotherapy to a greater extent than than Carl Rogers. Over a menses of to a greater extent than than twenty years starting inwards the belatedly 1920s as well as culminating inwards the publication of his seminal travel Client-Centered Therapy inwards 1951, Rogers developed a humanistic therapy that was non-directive as well as trusted the client’s capacity for growth.
Now clearly this approach was inwards straight contrast to the dominant psychotherapeutic model of the hateful solar daytime Freudian psychoanalysis, which really relied on the expertise as well as interpretative powers of the analyst. As Rogers continued to railroad train his humanistic approach, he changed the cry from client-centered to person-centered to reverberate his belief that his theories were meant to apply to all interactions betwixt people, non exactly those betwixt therapist as well as client.
In 1969, he published an educational text based on his person-centered approach called “Freedom to Learn.” The publication of this Learner-Centered approach signaled a shift inwards Rogers’ focus from traditional private psychotherapy to organizational as well as cultural change. In fact, the cross-cultural workshops he developed based on his humanistic principles as well as conducted inwards high-conflict regions such equally South Africa, Central America as well as Republic of Ireland resulted inwards a Nobel Peace Prize nomination for Rogers.
In today’s lecture, I volition utter virtually the substitution assumptions of Rogers’ person-centered therapy, the goals of handling as well as the i technique that is attributed to Carl Rogers’ reflective listening. We'll halt amongst a brief review of the contributions as well as limitations of Rogers’ model, but initiative off I'd similar to select a infinitesimal to contrast Rogers’ approach amongst Freud’s approach as well as this is of import because although Rogers’ assertion that empathy, genuineness as well as unconditional positive regard are necessary as well as sufficient weather condition for changes, these assertions were really radical shifts from the dominant assumptions of his day.
So, what were the differences betwixt Freud as well as Rogers? Well, inwards Freudian psychoanalysis, the therapist knows best. In contrast, inwards person-centered therapy, it's the customer that knows best. In Freudian psychoanalysis, the personal qualities of the therapist are non real significant. The therapist’s powerfulness to translate as well as his qualifications equally an analyst that is an proficient are real important. In contrast, Rogers believe that the personal qualities of the therapist were real important as well as these were much to a greater extent than important than the skills or techniques that a therapist mightiness receive got inwards his or her clinical toolbox.
Freudian psychoanalysis really places a value on advice, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis as well as interpretation. And inwards contrast, Rogerian psychotherapy really values reflective listening, beingness non-judgmental as well as valuing the client’s unique qualities as well as this includes non thinking of the customer inwards price of a diagnosis or a pathology. Another of import divergence is that Freud believed that unconscious drives were responsible for people’s behaviors. In contrast, Rogers really believed that subjective experience was responsible for people’s behaviors.
Freud saw the personality equally divided. We tin retrieve of it equally ego, super ego, topographical model as well as this is inwards contrast to Rogers’ thought that people are essentially congruent wholes that their personalities are i thing. Freud focused on the problem, non the person. Rogers focused on the somebody as well as non the problem. And finally, Freud believed that clients or patients to a greater extent than specifically were non able to understand as well as resolve their problems without straight help. And inwards contrast, Rogers believe that people really could resolve their ain problems if the weather condition were right.
Now, Rogers’ framework patently derives from around theoretical assumptions, thence let's expression at those briefly. And these next points are taken from Joseph Burke’s 1989 textbook Contemporary Approaches of Psychotherapy as well as Counseling.
One supposition is virtually the actualizing style as well as this only way that human beings volition railroad train all of their potentials unless at that topographic point are environmental limitations as well as these limitations could live on poverty, sexual abuse, war, these sorts of barriers to achieving all that i tin achieve.
Another supposition is that reality is subjective as well as subjective experience is responsible for people’s behavior, thence this really points to a phenomenological perspective that Rogers takes that he shares amongst the existentialist approach as well as also amongst the Adlerian approach, this thought that nosotros create our ain reality as well as this is real dissimilar than Freud who really believed that at that topographic point is objective reality, thence objective inwards fact that he could translate somebody’s dreams accurately.
Another supposition is that self-concept is the somebody nosotros are aware of being. This is contrasted amongst the ideal self, which is the somebody that nosotros would similar to be. Now, this is where Rogers’ thought of congruence really takes shape. The supposition is that the subjective experience as well as the self-concept as well as ideal self are all congruent as well as an slow way to retrieve virtually this is that the way that nosotros are matches amongst the way that nosotros would similar to live on as well as this tin really live on broken downwards into our thoughts, feelings as well as actions lined up.
I'd similar to utter to my pocket-size as well as adolescent clients virtually this because it's a pretty elementary way of explaining congruence. Are y'all acting inwards a way that reflects how you're felling as well as are your thoughts, your feelings as well as actions all inwards business amongst each other? Rogers assumes that psychological maladjustment results when i denies or distorts an experience causing incongruence betwixt the actual experience as well as one’s self-concept. Now, this is dissimilar than psychopathology. Rogers inwards the humanistic tradition believes that nosotros all receive got a propensity towards wellness as well as thence sick wellness really is a maladjustment equally opposed to an indication of to a greater extent than important long-term problems.
Another supposition is that anxiety occurs when a somebody is unaware of incongruence betwixt our experiences as well as our self-concept as well as that resources are needed for congruence to be inside individuals as well as the role of person-centered therapy as well as i of the goals is to assist people realize that they receive got those resources inside themselves.
The in conclusion couplet of assumptions are that participation inwards the therapeutic human relationship activates the client’s self-healing capacities. And finally, it is the customer who is primarily responsible for bringing virtually change.
Gerald Corey inwards his 2005 text lists vi weather condition that are necessary as well as sufficient for alter inwards Rogers’ model (note: the points are the same inwards Corey's 2016 edition of the text, p. 173). 
The initiative off is that 2 people are inwards psychological contact. The first, the customer is experiencing incongruency. The 2d person, the therapist is congruent or y'all tin retrieve virtually it equally integrated inwards the relationship. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard or existent caring for the customer as well as the therapist experiences empathy for the client’s internal frame of reference as well as really tries to communicate this to the customer as well as the communication to the customer is to minimal score achieved. Now, these are vi weather condition that are necessary as well as sufficient for personality changes to occur.As we've mentioned, Carl Rogers’ approach really focuses on the personality of the therapist as well as thence it's no surprise that the therapist’s attributes are really peradventure the most of import tools that the therapist tin convey into a therapy session as well as inwards social travel nosotros telephone phone this professional person exercise of self.
Rogers believed that inwards companionship for the therapist to industrial plant life a growth-promoting climate which inwards today’s parlance mightiness live on called keeping it real, y'all had to receive got congruence which was beingness genuine or existent amongst your client. You had to receive got unconditional positive regard. This was credence inwards caring for the client, but it didn’t necessarily hateful approving of all behavior. And finally, empathic agreement as well as non exactly empathy but accurate empathy which was an powerfulness to deeply grasp the client’s subjective world.
And all of these propose that the therapist’s attitudes were to a greater extent than of import than the therapist’s specific noesis or science set. According to Rogers, the best therapist focuses on the character of the therapeutic relationship. The therapist serves equally a model of a human beingness struggling towards greater realness, the therapist is genuine, integrated as well as authentic as well as the therapist tin openly limited feelings as well as attitudes that are introduce inwards the human relationship amongst the client.
Now, this thought of communicating really as well as honestly amongst the customer tin live on oft misinterpreted equally working through transference as well as counter-transference. And exactly to clarify, inwards the traditional sense transference is when the customer basically projects onto the therapist yesteryear relationships. In Rogers’ model, really what's going on is that at that topographic point is a genuine as well as emphatic human relationship happening inwards the 2d as well as equally a number the therapist is able to really communicate that electrical flow introduce existent fourth dimension experience to the customer as well as it is through that electrical flow existent fourth dimension experience that clients really tap into their inner resources as well as observe the solutions to their ain problems.
Now, positive self-regard is around other substitution concept inwards Rogers’ model. Positive regard way having attitudes such equally warmth, liking, honour as well as acceptance. Positive self-regard is accepting our physical as well as emotional beingness for what it is as well as congruence really depends on the belief I am worthy. Now, inwards companionship for a somebody to experience self-actualization, they demand to live on congruent. That is their thoughts, feelings as well as actions demand to live on inwards sync. Incongruence is only beingness out of sync.
Smokey Robinson has a keen business that I retrieve embodies this thought when he says "if there's a grin on my face, it's exclusively at that topographic point to fool the public, the tears of a clown when there's no i around" (Robinson, 1967).
Now, the goals of therapy are to supply a climate of security as well as trust as well as this enables clients to engage inwards meaningful self-exploration. Another destination is to position whatever it is that’s blocking growth. A 3rd destination is to solve problems amongst the greater role of assisting inwards the client’s increase process, thence solving a work exactly for the sake of solving a work is non congruent amongst Rogers’ model but rather solving a work that would unleash the client’s inner capabilities to grow as well as self-actualize is the purpose.
Perhaps the most of import portion of Rogers’ model as well as Rogers’ contribution to therapy is his technique of reflective listening. Now, reflection uses elements of restatement as well as mirroring a verbal as well as non-verbal communication inwards companionship to decide whether the therapist really understands the client’s inner world. Now, this is the exclusively technique that is attributed to person-centered therapy as well as the joke inwards schools of social travel amid students is that therapists are ever maxim things similar what I hear y'all maxim is – straightaway I hand off to beloved that phrase as well as the beauty of that phrase is that it really allows y'all to banking concern check inwards amongst your customer to come across if y'all understand their globe as well as if y'all don’t understand their globe as well as thence y'all can't assist them because it is a subjective globe as well as their globe contains the respond to their problem. They are the masters of their ain domain if y'all will. And thence really reflection tin live on an incredibly challenging as well as hard affair to do correctly.
Rogers really made it okay for therapists to live on wrong. Rogers made it okay to sit down at that topographic point inwards quiet piece the customer was figuring things out. Rogers really opened the door to receive got a genuine human relationship where the therapist’s chore was to back upwards the client, to really learn what they needed to exit of a therapeutic relationship. There were occasions when Rogers would exercise verbatim repetition such equally times when he was trying to really emphasize what a customer was maxim or that he really wanted to brand certain that the customer him or herself was hearing what he or she was saying.
So inwards i example, the customer says to Rogers she is going to relieve me as well as Rogers repeats dorsum verbatim, she is going to relieve you. Now, this does non supply Rogers amongst a clear agreement of what that way to the client, but what it does do is it clarifies to the customer that that’s what he or she is saying. More typically his responses were to the client’s meanings behind their words. His restatements inwards such cases really seemed to live on an endeavor to integrate as well as clarify client’s feelings as well as intents such equally inwards this illustration where the customer says sometimes I experience similar I don’t know my manful somebody bring upwards at all as well as the sadness that was coming out equally good equally the feelings, the sadness for him, the failings of things he wanted to do as well as also the sadness that I don’t know him equally good equally I'd similar to as well as Carl Rogers was sitting at that topographic point as well as going hmm, mm-hmm as well as his restatement was thence it's sadness for him inwards this situation, but sadness on your portion that y'all don’t know him.
This is really a beautiful way that Rogers was able to select the important that the customer had as well as pose it into price that they weren't exact verbatim parodying of what the customer said, but really summarize them thence that the customer knew that Rogers understood what he was saying.
Another illustration is when a customer said as well as I allowed myself to as well as I don’t regret caring as well as I don’t regret loving or whatever, but y'all know like, I'm similar a pocket-size y'all know, I hateful a pocket-size inwards a way, I'd similar to live on loved, too, around reciprocity as well as I'm going to start I think, y'all know, expecting that without beingness mutual frigidity or anything similar that, but I receive got to, y'all know, start getting something dorsum inwards return. Carl Rogers responded amongst y'all desire beloved to live on mutual as well as the customer said, “Yeah, for sure, for sure.”
So, these are around examples of how Carl Rogers exercise this concept of reflection as well as restatement inwards companionship to really learn the client’s inner world. Now, equally I talked virtually briefly, Rogers’ model has been applied to individual, position unit of measurement as well as grouping treatment. There's been empirical back upwards for its exercise amongst a broad make of access one, 2 as well as iv problems. For example, anxiety, depression, gist abuse equally good equally relational problems.
Rogers’ travel is also really valuable inwards the initial phases of crisis intervention when you're edifice rapport as well as you're identifying what the crisis province of affairs was. And finally equally I mentioned inwards the beginning, Rogers ultimately adapted his travel for to a greater extent than organizational as well as systemic applications.
So, finally, it's of import to really understand that adjacent to Freud no other therapist has been to a greater extent than influential inwards the practise of psychotherapy than Carl Rogers. His emphasis of client’s internal strengths as well as the avoidance of categorizing or labeling clients is really something that makes his approach real user friendly when thinking virtually beingness culturally competent inwards your practice.
Now, around of the limitations of Rogers’ model is that Rogers’ supposition that genuineness, unconditional positive regard as well as emphatic agreement are necessary as well as sufficient for alter has non been supported yesteryear research. The necessary portion has, but the sufficient for alter portion has non been supported yesteryear inquiry as well as basically what that way is that these therapist traits are necessary, but at that topographic point are many situations inwards which they're non sufficient. You demand to do to a greater extent than than exactly live on genuine, receive got unconditional positive regard as well as live on able to empathise amongst your client.
Another limitation of this model is – as well as I'm certain students tin really relate to this, but because the focus is on beingness genuine, students as well as outset clinicians oft learn stuck mimicking the approach rather than beingness themselves which of course, is the ultimate goal, which is that y'all convey yourself into the human relationship fully, that y'all receive got professional person exercise of self as well as through that human relationship y'all volition live on able to assist your customer really position their problems as well as observe inside themselves those solutions.
The in conclusion affair that I'm going to say earlier nosotros wrap upwards is that Carl Rogers was really a wonderful proponent of psychiatric social travel as well as inwards fact was an officeholder inwards around of the national social travel organizations.
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References
Brink, D. C. & Farber, B. A. (1996). H5N1 scheme of Rogers' clinical responses. In B. A. Farber, D. C. Brink, & P. M. Raskin (Eds.), The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: Cases as well as commentary (pp. 15-24). New York: Guilford Press.
Burke, J. F. (1989). Contemporary approaches to psychotherapy & counseling: The self-regulation as well as maturity model. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press.
Corey, G. (2016). Theory as well as practise of counseling as well as psychotherapy (10th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson.
Rogers, C. L. (1961). On becoming a person. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
APA (6th ed) citation for this podcast:
Singer, J. B. (Producer). (2007, Feb 12). Person-centered therapy [Episode 8]. Social Work Podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from /search?q=person-centered-therapy
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